In the course of WWII both the Allies and the Axis powers
were able to gain information of great value from reading their enemies secret
communications. In Britain the codebreakers of Bletchley Park solved several
enemy systems with the most important ones being the German Enigma and Tunny cipher
machines and the Italian C-38m.
Although books and films usually like to focus on Alan Turing, there were
also other people who made vital contributions towards the solution of the
German Enigma device. The mathematician Gordon Welchman worked
on German Army and Airforce traffic and became head of Hut 6. Welchman came up with the
idea of the diagonal board, a
modification of the bombes that made them much more efficient in their
operation.
Welchman became assistant director of mechanization at
Bletchley Park in 1943, in 1948 immigrated to the US and from 1962 worked as an
analyst of the MITRE Corporation.
An amusing incident is described in Welchman’s book The
Hut Six Story, pages 190-192. It concerns the problems caused by the Army
bureaucracy and the fact that despite their work at Bletchley the codebreakers
were liable to be called into military service!
The passage reads:
‘In my own case
exemption from military service involved a curious sequence of events. At the
beginning of the war, when I became a temporary civil servant in a branch of
the British Foreign Office I was thirty-three years old. In due course my age
group was called and I received a notice telling me to report to a unit of the
Royal Artillery somewhere in the north of England. I took the notice to the Foreign
Office administrative people. They assured me that would handle the matter, and
that I was to do nothing. A little later I received a polite letter from the
Colonel of my artillery unit, saying that there was no doubt a good reason for
my nonappearance, but would I please report at once. I took this letter also to
the administrative office. Again I was told that the Foreign Office would
handle the matter. The next development was a phone call to my mother-in-law,
from her brother, Ned, who as chance would have it was Chief Constable of
Buckinghamshire, the county in which I was living. He had a warrant for my
arrest. This raised an intriguing point. Bletchley Park was enclosed by a high
fence and was under military guard. Its cafeteria was open night and day, and
sleeping accommodation was available. Suppose I had kept on living and working
there and never emerged? I suspect the police might have had some difficulty in
arresting me. As it turned out, however, I did not need to resort to any such
dramatic delaying action. The Foreign Office and Army Administrators finally
resolved the matter. One problem remained. Army regulations included no means
of simply letting go of a man who had been called up but had not enlisted. The
regular discharge procedure applied only to those who had gone through the
enlistment process. It developed that, in order to sever my relationship with
the Gunners, I would first have to enlist. I had to report at a Royal Artillery
establishment, and it was arranged that I should go to the nearest one, which
was a few miles south of Bletchley Park. I was given a gasoline allowance and
drove my own car. The "establishment" turned out to be a small office
presided over by a sergeant. The sergeant had received detailed instructions,
and after filling a few forms, he shook me by the hand, congratulated me on
being a Gunner, and said that he would arrange for me to be discharged some
other day. When I explained that my office did not want me to take time off for
a second trip, he said that he could not discharge me at once because a medical
examination was needed and the doctor would be at lunch. I had to get back to
Bletchley as soon as possible, so I discovered where the doctor lived, dashed
round and just caught him before he went to lunch. A few minutes later I had
whatever medical certificates were necessary for my discharge, only to find that
the sergeant had gone to lunch. I found him in the nearest pub and persuaded
him to come back to his office. After filling out a few more forms, he told me
that I was now a civilian again. My length of military service was almost
exactly twenty minutes. Then, having arranged my discharge, the sergeant gave
me a few appropriate papers, one of which I treasured for many years. It urged
me to join the Home Guard, where my experience in the Army would be extremely
valuable.’
